# Nobel prize winners Abhijit Banerjee
२०१९ मध्ये भारतात झालेल्या लोकसभा निवडणुकीत राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस पक्षाने आपल्या जाहीरनाम्यात दारिद्र्य निर्मूलनाच्या उद्देशाने प्रत्येक गरीब कुटुंबाला अर्थसाह्य म्हणून महिन्याला ६ हजार रूपये, तर वर्षाला ७२ हजार रुपये देण्याची जी ‘न्याय’ योजना आणली होती, ती संकल्पना अभिजित यांची होती; मात्र त्यांनी वर्षाला ७२ हजार ऐवजी ३० हजार रूपये द्यावेत, अशी सूचना केली होती. त्यांच्या मते, ‘मदतींचा आकडा वाढविल्यास ही योजना अव्यवहार्य ठरू शकते’. २०१६ मधील भारतातील नोटाबंदीला त्यांनी विरोध दर्शविला होता. ‘नोटाबंदीमुळे देशातील गरीब व सर्वसामान्य जनतेला त्रास सोसावा लागेल आणि तो अपेक्षेपेक्षा जास्त असेल’, अशी त्यांची भूमिका होती.गरिबी दूर करण्यासाठी सूक्ष्म वित्तपुरवठा तसेच आरोग्य सेवा, शिक्षण, साक्षरता, पोषणसेवा, लसीकरण या कार्यक्रमांचा सर्वत्र आधार घेतला जातो. या कार्यक्रमांची परिणामकारकता तपासण्यासाठी अभिजित यांनी यादृच्छित (सर्वसाधारण) नियंत्रण चाचणी (रँडमाइज्ड कंट्रोल ट्रायल – आरसीटी) या सर्वेक्षण पद्धतीचा प्रथमच अवलंब केला. आतापर्यंत ८३ देशांमध्ये मिळून सुमारे १,००० सर्वेक्षण या पद्धतीने घेण्यात आली असून त्यांपैकी सुमारे २५ कक्के सर्वेक्षण भारतात घेण्यात आली होती; मात्र विविध क्षेत्रांमधून अशा पद्धतीने प्राथमिक सांख्यिकी माहिती संकलित करीत असताना अनेक प्रमाद होऊ शकतात व त्यामुळे या आरसीटी सर्वेक्षण पद्धतीला अनेक मर्यादा आहेत, असे प्रसिद्ध अर्थशास्त्रज्ञ सर अँगस एस. डेटन व प्रसिद्ध तत्त्वज्ञ नॅन्सी कार्टराइट यांनी आपल्या शोधनिबंधामध्ये दाखवून दिले आहे.
अभिजित यांनी गरिबांची आर्थिक स्थिती व गरिबीचे उच्चाटन इत्यादी संदर्भात लेखन केलेले पुअर इकॉनॉमिक्स हे पुस्तक जगातील १७ भाषांमध्ये भाषांतरित झाले आहे. त्यांच्या या ग्रंथास गोल्डमन सॅश बिझनेस बुक ऑफ दि इयर’ हा सन्मान मिळाला आहे. त्यांच्या अनन्यसाधारण कामगिरीमुळे २००९ मध्ये त्यांना इन्फोसिस पुरस्काराने सन्मानित करण्यात आले होते. २०१३ मध्ये संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघाचे सरचिटणीस बान की-मून यांनी २०१५ नंतरच्या विकासासंबंधीची उद्दिष्टे अद्ययावत करण्यासाठी संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघाने जी उच्चस्तरीय समिती स्थापन केली होती, त्या समितीच्या सचिवपदी अभिजित यांची निवड करण्यात आली होती. ‘अमेरिकी अकॅडमी ऑफ आर्ट्स अँड सायन्सेस’ आणि ‘दि इकॉनॉमिक सोसायटी’ या दोन संस्थेत रीसर्च असोसिएट म्हणून त्यांनी काम केले आहे. तसेच ते काईल इन्स्टिट्यूट, गुगेनहॅम आणि आल्फ्रेड पी. स्लोन या संस्थांचे अधिछात्र (फेलो) होते. ‘बॅनर्जी ब्युरो फॉर दि रीसर्च इन दि इकॉनॉमिकल ॲनॅलिसिस ऑफ डेव्हलपमेन्ट’ या संस्थेचे ते अध्यक्ष होते.अभिजित यांनी पुढील ग्रंथांचे लेखन केले आहे : कॅन इम्फॉर्मेशन कॅम्पेन्स स्पार्क लोकल पार्टीसिपेशन अँड इम्प्रुव्ह आऊटकम्स (२००६); मेकिंग एड वर्क (२००७); पिटफॉल्स ऑफ पार्टिसिपेटरी प्रोग्राम्स (२००८); पुअर इकॉनॉमिक्स (२०११); गुड इकॉनॉमिक्स फॉर हार्ड टाईम्स (२०१९); व्हाट दि इकॉनॉमी नीड्स नाऊ (२०१९).
अभिजित हे सध्या एमआयटी या प्रसिद्ध संस्थेत फोर्ड फाऊंडेशन इंटरनॅशनल प्राध्यापक म्हणून कार्यरत आहेत.
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English Translation :-
Banerjee, Abhijit: (February 21, 1961).
Renowned Indian economist and Nobel laureate in the United States. Abhijit was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Economics along with Michael Kramer, a renowned economist, and Esther Duflow, a well-known economist and wife of Abhijit, for their experimental approach to global poverty.
Abhijit was born in Mumbai to an educated family of Nirmala and Deepak. Both his parents were professors of economics. Abhijit was educated at South Point High School, a reputed educational institution in Kolkata. For further studies, he entered the Presidency College under Calcutta University and in 1981 did his B.Sc. in Economics. SC. Earned this degree. He then enrolled at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi (JNU) and in 1983 did his M.A. in Economics. A. Done. During this period, Abhijit had to go to Tihar Jail in protest against the increase in fees. For further education he entered Harvard University. Under the guidance of renowned economist and Nobel laureate Eric Stark Maskin, he received his Ph.D. D. Edited this degree. Ph. After D., Abhijit taught at Harvard and Preston for some time. At the same time, he married his childhood friend Arundhati Tuli-Banerjee, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He had a son named Kabir. For some reason the two became separated. Then in 2015, Abhijit married his colleague Esther Duflo. They have two children.
Abhijit's 'Evolutionary Economy' is the core of the study. He founded the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J. Pal) in 2003. He is the co-founder of this organization. Through this organization, he has tried to combine theory and practice through his research to eradicate global poverty with his colleagues. Objectively studied the plans made by visiting the real poor areas, living in them, interacting with the concerned elements. Through his research, he developed a theoretical framework for the eradication of poverty by developing practice-based models. For example, women in some parts of Rajasthan did not bring their babies to the center for vaccination, even though polio vaccination was available separately in India. Abhijit and Duflo took this into account and came up with a plan. In it, he gave a bag of pulses to the women who brought their children for vaccination. The experiment showed an increase in the number of vaccinations. Abhijit's research shows that 50 lakh students in India are benefiting from remedial teaching. Praising him for his outstanding work, the Royal Swedish Academy said, ‘Abhijit has given the world a new perspective on fighting poverty through his research. Strong subsidies for health care in many countries are the result of his research. '
In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections in India, the National Congress Party, in its manifesto, had come up with a 'justice' scheme to provide Rs 6,000 per month and Rs 72,000 per year as financial assistance to each poor family; However, he had suggested to pay Rs 30,000 per year instead of Rs 72,000. According to him, "increasing the number of aid schemes may make this plan unworkable." He had opposed the 2016 denomination ban in India. "The denomination will hurt the poor and the common man in the country and it will be more than expected," he said. Micro-financing as well as health care, education, literacy, nutrition and vaccination programs are widely used to alleviate poverty. To test the effectiveness of these programs, Abhijit for the first time adopted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) survey method. So far, about 1,000 surveys have been conducted in 83 countries, of which about 25 were conducted in India; However, compiling preliminary statistical data from different fields in this manner can lead to many errors and hence there are many limitations to this RCT survey method, said renowned economist Sir Angus S. Dayton and the famous philosopher Nancy Cartwright have shown in their dissertation.
Abhijit's book Poor Economics on the economic condition of the poor and the eradication of poverty has been translated into 17 languages of the world. His book has been named Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year. He was awarded the Infosys Award in 2009 for his outstanding performance. In 2013, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Abhijit as secretary of a high-level committee set up by the United Nations to update its post-2015 development goals. He has worked as a research associate at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and The Economic Society. As well as the Kyle Institute, Guggenheim and Alfred P. Sloan was a Fellow of these institutions. He was the President of the Banerjee Bureau for the Research in the Economic Analysis of Development. Making Aid Work (2007); Pitfalls of Participatory Programs (2008); Poor Economics (2011); Good Economics for Hard Times (2019); What the Economy Needs Now (2019).
Abhijit is currently a Ford Foundation International Professor at MIT.
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